Occupy Wall Street Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Occupy Wall Street Movement - Essay Example The movements of OWS generally came into existence concerning the moral performance of the individuals and the unequal income distribution within the current socio-economic stature of the US. The moral implications which have been involved in the movement, in relation to OWS relates with the Primacy of Self-Interest and the Democracy progression. The Primacy of Self-Interest states the individual responsibility towards any kind of conduct. It is worth mentioning in this regard that the prevailing moral scenario within the US society indicates that the power of controlling depends largely on the wealthy group of population. In such circumstances, the distinct authorities regarding economic decision making is bestowed upon selected individuals belonging to that particular section; thus, segregating the society in terms of income (University of New Mexico, 2012). One of the notions initialized by the OWS protestors conveys the message that the nation and the economy should be controlled by the actual successor who deserves the right to control, based on their potentialities rather than their wealth. This symbolizes the leaders for the economy should be selected through fair and just elections. Furthermore, with regards to the democratic philosophy of politics, it has been connoted by the protestors that the economy should be democratic in power so that individuals can assist each other to a larger extent. Hence, government should offer active participation in protecting people from social threats.

Esistance and conductive putty Essay Example for Free

Esistance and conductive putty Essay The aim of this investigation is to find out the relationship between resistance and conductive putty, and to see how length of putty affects this relationship. The Experiment: Conductive putty is specially designed to be a conductor; this is achieved by adding carbon black. This can easily be used to prove the concept of resistivity because it is malleable and so the cross-sectional area, length and shape can easily be changed. This experiment will show the effects on resistance in a circuit, as the length of putty decreases. I will be using 30cm of putty, and decreasing it by 5cm each time. First the voltage of the battery will be taken using a voltmeter, and this will be recorded at the start of the experiment. Then a circuit will be constructed containing the battery, the ammeter and putty. See diagram. For each different length of putty, a reading will be recorded from the ammeter and when the practical has been completed, I will work out the resistance using the formula R=VI. From those results I will draw a graph and then evaluate and conclude my experiment. Diagram: Constants: My constants include the weight of my putty I am going to start each experiment with 50g of putty. I will also sustain the same thickness of putty throughout my experiment, and the same battery will be used constantly. Variables: Possible variables in this experiment are temperature, voltage, cross-sectional area, mass, surface area and length. My variable is going to be the length of my putty, which will decrease by 5cm each time. I am going to start each experiment, using 30cm of putty. Fair Test: To ensure my results are as accurate as possible, I will make sure my experiment is a fair test. For this, there should only be one variable. Other procedures can ensure it is a fair test, such as accurately measuring the putty to make sure it is decreased by 5cm exactly every time. The same battery should be used throughout the experiment and to guarantee no results are anomalous, the experiment will be conducted three times and a mean average will be taken from each result. Prediction and Hypothesis: I predict that the resistance will be directly proportional to the length of the conductor so that if the length is doubled, the resistance will double providing all other factors remain constant. My hypothesis for this is that conductors have lower resistance when they are shorter because the electrons have a shorter distance to travel so more energy is conserved since there are fewer collisions, and the current is higher. In the longer lengths, as free electrons move from atom to atom some energy given off to heat. The longer a conductor is, the more energy is lost to heat. The additional energy loss subtracts from the energy being transferred through the conductor, resulting in a decrease in current flow and an increase in resistance Safety: The conductive putty is a harmless, non toxic and non-staining, however if gloves are not worn, your hands become black and you will need to wash them. A lab coat should be worn to minimize marks on clothes and the experiment is conducted on a tray to reduce the possibility of a messy workspace. Apparatus list: 50g of conductive putty 2 coins Tray to work on Knife Ammeter Ruler Voltmeter Wires Crocodile clips Gloves Method: Put on gloves and rolled putty into 30cm long piece on the tray, trying to keep the thickness consist ant. Used voltmeter recorded the voltage of the battery. Connected battery to ammeter, and connected ammeter and other terminal of battery to putty by putting crocodile clips on the ends of the wires, clipping them to coins and placing coins at either end of the putty, this was done to make a reliable connection. See circuit diagram. Recorded reading from ammeter. Measured 5cm of putty with ruler and cut with knife. Re-attached putty to circuit. Repeated process, deducting 5cm from puttys length each time, recording the reading from the ammeter. Repeated experiment three times, which will enable me to spot anomalous results. Results: I have calculated the resistance using the formula: R=V/I. Resistance is measured in ohms and the unit uses the symbol ?. Experiment 1 battery voltage = 6. 12V: Length of putty in cm Amps in A Resistance in ? Analysis of Results: This graph shows me the results for all three of my experiments, and there is a line of best fit for each experiment. There are some inaccuracies as the voltage was slightly different for each experiment, and I feel that points for the later experiments are also out. This is visible in my results and is maybe due to the fact that the same piece of putty was used for all three experiments, and so heat from my hands must have affected results. I have taken the averages of my results. Length of putty in cm Resistance in ? These are my average results. These results were plotted on a graph (see graph) and they show a visible decrease in resistance as the length of putty decreases. This would prove my prediction and hypothesis to be correct, as it states that the putty will have lower resistance when the length is shorter rather than longer or the resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to its length; due to factors such as loss of energy to heat, higher rate of collisions etc.(see prediction and hypothesis) However, when looking at my graph I noticed that the two points representing the shortest lengths of putty were out. This could be because as the putty was being worked, rolled and cut throughout the experiment it had become warmer and softer due to the heat from our hands; this could have affected the resistance. Evaluation: My results have proven my prediction and hypothesis to be correct, in that resistance is directly proportional to the length of the conductor, in this case the conductive putty. I think my results were quite accurate, but what may have let them down was the fact that the batterys voltage was slightly different for each experiment and the coins used to connect the wire to the putty, did not stay in place very well. I also noticed there was often a big jump in amps and resistance between 10cm and 5cm of putty. This can be seen by looking at my results and the graph, and I have concluded that this is probably caused by my hands transferring heat to the putty by means of conduction, as the putty is regularly in contact with my hands during the experiments. I expect this could be separate experiment, in which we could investigate how temperature affects resistance. If this experiment was going to be redone, then I think I might use a new battery for each experiment, and record the voltage as constant for all experiments. Also I would maybe use a different method to connect the wires to the putty, like maybe sticking the wires directly and vertically into the ends of the putty. Another thing to do would be to use temperature or even cross-sectional area as a variable alongside length, and to do a series of experiments involving increasing the length while decreasing the cross-sectional area, and vice versa. Conclusion: I think this experiment was a success in that it proved the theory that resistance is lower with shorter lengths of conductor and my hypothesis declares that as the electrons have a shorter distance to travel if the length is shorter, there are fewer collisions and less energy is lost to heat unlike in a longer length of conductor, so the putty will have lower resistance. Therefore my hypothesis was correct and I have successfully concluded my experiment proving that resistance is directly proportional to the length of conductor. 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Free College Essays - Quest for Freedom in Robin Hood :: Robin Hood Essays

Robin Hood – Quest for Freedom   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Robin Hood, by Paul Creswick, is a story of great triumph.   Many people    know the myth of Robin Hood, but they do not know the life of Robin Hood.   It is a    good novel to read if the reader likes stories of a true legend.   Also, it is a novel that    deals with friendship, motivation, action, bravery, and love.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The novel is primarily based on friendship.   The friends that Robin makes    and the camaraderie they share makes this a terrific book.   Living in the forest, away    from the law, they are all outlaws and they are all there for each other when trouble    presents its self.   One example is when one of the outlaws, Little John,is about to be    hung, the rest of the crew risked life and limb to save his life.   A few of the    members even died trying to help Little John escape, but they all knew that was the    meaning of friendship.   When one of the outlaws was sick or wounded, someone    always stayed with them and made sure he got better.   With their friendship came    trust.   All of the outlaws knew that they could trust each other, no matter what the    situation presented.   If one of the outlaws went into the city to buy goods, the others    knew that he would not run off with the money or tell the Sheriff where they were    hiding.   A good example of that is when Will Stutely had a falling out with the    gang. He went and worked in the sheriff’s kitchen as a cook, and even though he    had left the gang and was employed by the law, he still kept the hiding place secret    and told noone the where abouts of Robin Hood.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another reason the novel is good to read is the motivation the gang has.      Their primary motivator is freedom.   Everything they do is to try to gain freedom    from the crooked king.   They live in caves throughout the woods and sleep on the    hard ground because they are just glad to be free there.   In the forest, they make    their own laws and obide by them strictly.   If someone does not obey the laws set by    the gang, then they are kicked out of the forest and must live in the non-democratic    city and give up their freedom.   Once the gang leaves the forest though, they have

New England consisted their government around religion Essay

The New England and the Chesapeake regions were both from English origin. However, they had completely different societies. Each settlement had different intension of why they wanted to settle in the new world. New England and Chesapeake colonies had political, economic and social differences. The New England colonies consisted of puritans who wanted to purify the church because the Church in England was corrupt. They wanted a place where they could worship freely and work together to make a perfect society. New England consisted their government around religion. John Winthrop, A Model of Christian Charity quotes â€Å"God Almighty in his most holy and wise providence hath so disposed of the condition of mankind, in all times some must be rich, some poor,..† (Doc. A) This document shows their importance in god freedom and working together. The Chesapeake colonies wanted to settle in the new world because they wanted to find gold and riches. In Document C it show the comparison in men and women. There were many more men than women because their only goal was to find gold. In Document B, it shows that in the New England colonies many families were wanting to settle in the new world. For the Chesapeake colonies it was very hard for them because when they settled they did not plant any crops because they were to focused on finding gold so by the time winter came around they had no food which was called â€Å"The Starving Time† John smith in, history of Virginia quotes â€Å"Our ordinary was but meal and water so that this†¦ little relieved our wants, whereby with the extremity of the bitter cold frost†¦ more than half of us died.† (Doc F.) In the New England colonies they planted crops and one farm could feed a whole family

Performance Management Essay

â€Å"Talent now gravitates to an organization that is flexible, has strong values and a robust performance ethic (Bhal, 2002).† In any organization no matter the size performance management is a critical element in regards to the human element that is the foundation of the organization. In order to effectively place, manage, and develop personnel a performance management plan is an essential part of the development process. In accordance with the previous recommendations for the Bollman Hotel’s planned expansion into India, the following information will be in regards to the alignment, job analysis, measurement, philosophy, and feedback of a recommended performance management plan. Alignment According to Bhal, many of the organizations in the India market have not focused on the human resource aspect of the business module (Bhal, 2002, p. 141). This has left a hard task to overcome for those companies looking to expand into the area. India has seen the need for a transformation in the Human Resource department, in terms of their treatment and beliefs in the management of their personnel. According to Amba-Rao, Petrick, Gupta, and Von der Embse there are four major areas that are said to be under renovation (Amba-Rao, Petrick, Gupta, & Von der Embse, 2000, p. 61). The four areas are listed as: first, â€Å"high performance work systems have been shown to be crucial to sustaining global competiveness and they rely upon objective, adequate PA processes†, second â€Å"the productivity of work cultures in Indian organizations is jeopardized by employee PA practices that appear biased, ad hoc and non-integrated into a globally competitive HRM system, third â€Å"Indian managers have been criticized for not involving employees in the PA process†, and lastly â€Å" managerial values that are national culture-based, organizational culture-based and firm ownership-based can enhance or inhibit individual and organizational performance satisfaction† (Amba-Rao, Petrick, Gupta, & Von der Embse, 2000, p. 61). These are the misconceptions and obstacles of that must be overcome for any organization venturing into India. Organizational Performance Philosophy Company philosophy must integrate the Indian culture as the expansion of the Bollman Hotel expands. According to Amba-Rao, Petrick, Gupta, and Von der Embse, studies have shown a low expectation of Indian workers as it relates to empowerment, effiecency, and development (Amba-Rao, Petrick, Gupta, & Von der Embse, 2000, p. 65). This should be a strong focal point as Bollman looks into the expansion into this country. By ensuring that all of the employees feel they are valued and entrisical to the operations and success of the organization it will help the overall morale of the organization. As described by Cascio the treatment and philosophy of that employees ascribe to an organization is called employee relations (Cascio, 2010, p. 548). These are essential considerations in the development of the performance plan for the expansion of the Bollman Hotel. Job Analysis In the HRM field job analysis is defined by Cascio as â€Å"the process of obtaining and information about jobs† (Cascio W. , 2010, p. 163). In order to properly define a skill or job needed in the new market you must first look at the attributes and skill sets desired for each job function. Employees are the foundation of the organization and to develop and establish a good employee brand is an essential function of any organization. This task will not be a daunting task for the already prevalent Bollman Hotel. However, there will be a need for fine tuning and aligning the merging culture and socio-economics with the current Bollman brand. Measurement Procedures Cascio describes a performance management plan as a form of compass for the employee and employer (Cascio W. , 2010, p. 330). In establishing and assessing performance there must be established goals for each employee and an established measurement of each goal for that employee. In the instance of the Bollman Hotel, set measurements could be established based upon  customer complaints per 10 customers for example. Another measurement could be the number of return business clients per quarter. Skill Gaps and Delivering Performance Feedback By establishing a firm expectancy and goals for each employee and defined job descriptions this will help to ensure a quality performance plan. India employee pool is looking for an organization that will promote from within and place an emphasis on the development of each employee. The assessments need to be a formal integration into the policies and performance system in order to avoid skill gaps and performance gaps. A strong training, coaching, and integration process is essential to ensuring each employee is aware of their expectations and receive proper training for each desired job function (Bhal, 2002). In the Indian culture by making biased decisions and not giving a fair appraisal to each employee with the necessary feedback is a critical mistake that has plagued the Indian human resource arena (Amba-Rao, Petrick, Gupta, & Von der Embse, 2000). India has seen a strong acceptance of open discussion in terms of feedback from employees during appraisals. This will help to foster a rapport a mutual understanding of expectations and goals listed for each employee. This also gives the manager the opportunity to establish a form of relationship with the employees and allows for a free flow of information up and down the chain of command. However, by doing this the manager need to ensure that the respect and communication is respectful and mutually beneficial (Bhal, 2002). Cascio has listed some useful feedback methodologies. The goal of each appraisal feedback session should look to improve and provide the employee with valuable information needed to advance and excel within the organization (Cascio W. , 2010, p. 341). Appraisals are also in compliance with the Labor Relation Laws of India and the documentation required to terminate an employee if need be. The use of comparisons or ranking systems may be a negative reinforcement system in terms of feedback per the India cultural and socio-economic systems in place (Bhal, 2002). This will also add to the divide of the cultural systems currently in place. Conclusion In essence a formal and detailed performance management system is essential to building a strong foundation for Bollman Hotel’s to flourish and thrive. In knowing the driving force behind the culture and what problems lay in waiting that could be the potential downfall of the hotel. By having strong communication and a good feedback system in place it will ensure that to break the stereotypical human resource conceptions and establish a strong foundation work force for Bollman. References Amba-Rao, S. C., Petrick, J., Gupta, J. N., & Von der Embse, T. J. (2000). Comparative performance appraisal practices and management values among foreign and domestic firms in India. Int. J. of Human Resource Management, 11(1), 60-89. Bhal, K. (2002). Perceived Role of Human Resource Management in Indian Organizations: An Empirical Study 1. Global Business Review , 3(139), 139-152. Cascio, W. (2010). Managing Human Resources. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies . Cascio, W. F. (2010). Chapter 14 Procedural Justice and Ethics in Employee Relations. In W. F. Cascio, & 8th (Ed.), Managing Human Resources (pp. 546-575). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies.

Conditions Often Mistaken for Plantar Fasciitis

Conditions Often Mistaken for Plantar Fasciitis Plantar fasciitis is a painful condition affecting feet that you can feel with every step you take.  The main symptom of plantar fasciitis is pain in the arch of your foot. Its usually localized at the sole of your foot, but the pain can be perceived as radiating throughout parts of your foot, ankle, and lower leg. That means plantar fasciitis might be confused with other conditions affecting your foot. A number of conditions can cause foot pain and be mistaken for plantar fasciitis. These conditions typically must be evaluated and ruled out before a diagnosis of plantar fasciitis. Ruptured Plantar Fascia In plantar fasciitis, the plantar fascia has micro-tears throughout the tissue. With a ruptured plantar fascia, the tears are larger and represent a significant injury. The two conditions have similar symptoms, but they are differentiated by the severity of pain and cause of the injury. A ruptured plantar fascia is almost always significantly more painful than plantar fasciitis. It also usually has a precursor, either plantar fasciitis or significant trauma. If you suffer from plantar fasciitis, it could worsen, weakening the plantar fascia to the point that it ruptures. If your foot is otherwise healthy, then it usually occurs during trauma or significant impact to your foot. Rupturing your plantar fascia is usually accompanied by a â€Å"pop† resulting in severe pain and an inability to bear weight on that foot. Swelling and bruising often soon follow. Surgery and other medical procedures might be needed to help the plantar fascia mend. Arthritis Arthritis is a common condition many people suffer from somewhere in the body. When arthritis occurs in the lower leg, ankle, or some part of the foot, the pain can be perceived the same way as pain from plantar fasciitis. Not only can the location of pain from arthritis be confused with plantar fasciitis pain,  but also the occurrence of pain can be similar. Arthritis pain usually is worse when the arthritic joint is being used. When the joint is at rest there might be no pain, the same pattern you see in plantar fasciitis. So you might have arthritis in your heel and not notice it until you take a step. Arthritis can be more painful when the body part is cold. The first step in the morning might be the most painful of the day with both plantar fasciitis and arthritis of the foot, simply because the anatomy is cold and tight and has not warmed up. The pain may dissipate with either as the foot warms up and blood flows more robustly. To diagnose plantar fasciitis, arthritis must usually be ruled out. Arthritis can be diagnosed with a more thorough workup by your doctor. Imaging tests might be needed. Stress Fracture Another condition commonly mistaken for plantar fasciitis is a stress fracture. A stress fracture is normally a partially broken bone. Instead of being broken all the way through, the bone is only cracked along a surface. Stress fractures usually are shallow along the surface of the bone but might be deep. Some stress fractures are a single crack in the bone, while others might be an  interweaving of small cracks, like the cracked shell of a hard-boiled egg. If the stress fracture is in your heel, toe, or metatarsal, then the pain might seem to be coming from the same spot as plantar fasciitis and feel like an injured plantar fascia: The more pressure you put on it, the more pain you feel. A stress fracture usually is distinguished from plantar fasciitis by pinpointing the location of the pain. Pain from a stress fracture also doesnt tend to dissipate the same way that pain from plantar fasciitis does as the fascia gets warmed and loosened up.   If the pain comes from the top of the foot, it is more likely to be a stress fracture in the metatarsal, which is prone to developing such fractures. If the pain is in the bottom of the foot, it is more likely to be plantar fasciitis. Pain from a stress fracture in the heel bone often seems to be coming from the same place as does plantar fasciitis. An x-ray typically can identify or rule out a stress fracture as the cause of your pain, even if the probability of it being plantar fasciitis is much higher. Circulatory Issues Issues with your circulatory system, such as bad circulation or cardiovascular problems, can cause symptoms similar to plantar fasciitis. Your feet are the body parts farthest from your heart and tend to feel the effects of poor circulation first. Are your feet ever cold while the rest of you is warm, and not because youre walking on a cold floor? Gravity and weight are also factors. Your blood pressure is higher in your lower body, especially in your feet, than it is in your upper body because theres  more pressure on it. Inflammation in your feet and lower legs- from being on your feet for a while, for example- can further constrict blood vessels. Not only does blood flow down to your feet, but it also must be pumped back up. The weakening of those support systems, the one-way valves in your veins, results in varicose veins. All this can lead to pain, which can be caused by weaknesses in the blood vessels resulting in a backup of blood flowing, creating painful pressure. Pain may also be caused by a lack of oxygen and nutrients getting to the tissue in your feet because of poor blood flow. Instead of your foot falling asleep, you might feel a deep, throbbing ache. Pain also can be caused by blood clots, which can lead to life-threatening situations. Because circulatory issues are serious, they should be thoroughly vetted and ruled out if youre having pain in your foot, even if you think its probably plantar fasciitis. This is especially true if you have varicose veins, tingling or swelling in the foot, or the same symptoms in both feet because plantar fasciitis is typically  a single-foot injury. Your doctor can evaluate your cardiovascular health by monitoring your blood pressure and blood oxygen level. The doctor might also suggest an EKG and a cardiovascular stress test to find out whats going on. Nerve Entrapment Nerves can cause extreme pain when compromised. The pain might not be felt where the nerve is compromised but at the end of the nerve structure, where the nerves chemical signals are parsed out to the cells that receive them. Nerve entrapment syndrome sometimes is confused with plantar fasciitis. In nerve entrapment syndrome, pressure is placed on a nerve by some other body part, such as a bone, muscle, or cyst.  When a nerve is trapped or pinched by other tissue, that tissue squeezes it and the nerve sends out a pain signal. This can happen to many nerves in your body, but the one most commonly mistaken for plantar fasciitis is the tibial nerve, which runs down the back of your leg. When the tibial nerve is pinched or entrapped near the ankle, it is called tarsal tunnel syndrome. The tibial nerve is most often entrapped there because its a mass of nerves, ligaments, and muscles squeezing through a skeletal structure called the tarsal tunnel, similar to the wrists carpal tunnel. If the tibial nerve is pinched, then you feel pain in the bottom of your foot much like with plantar fasciitis. Unlike plantar fasciitis, you might also feel tingling or numbness in the bottom of your foot. You should be able to replicate the symptoms without placing weight on your foot. If you can perform the same motions and pinch the nerve with your foot elevated, then the pain is most likely not coming from the plantar fascia. Sciatica Sciatica is another nerve-induced pain that can be mistaken for plantar fasciitis. Sciatica comes from farther away than tarsal tunnel syndrome, however. Sciatica is a pinching or irritation of the nerve in your spine. Your spine is composed of a number of bones, or vertebrae. Between each vertebra is a disc, similar to a gel pad, that cushions the vertebrae against each other and allows for flexibility of the spine. A disc might get irritated and, like most irritated body parts, become inflamed. The inflammation usually results in swelling in one small part of the disc, which makes the disc act like an old rubber inner tube. If there is a weak spot in the wall of an inner tube, it will bulge when you inflate it. The disc bulges, and if it takes more damage, it can rupture.  This is a herniated disc. The main nerve column in the body runs along the spine. The sciatic nerve, one of the body’s largest nerves, runs in this nerve bundle. When the disc bulges or ruptures, it can put pressure on part of the sciatic nerve, resulting in sciatica. This often sends a shooting pain down your leg, but the pain might be felt in your foot. As with other nerve pain, you might also feel a tingling or numbness, which can differentiate sciatica from plantar fasciitis. Fat Pad Atrophy Atrophy of the heels fat pad also might be confused with plantar fasciitis. As you age, this fat pad becomes thinner. Other factors might affect the thinning, but science doesnt fully understand whats happening. This fat pad is the first cushion for your gait. The pad can become so thin that it doesnt cushion the heel bone, and the heel suffers from repetitive trauma that can result in painful irritation, inflammation, a bone bruise, or a stress fracture. The pain often occurs in the same location as pain from plantar fasciitis. The pain might also be worse in the morning and dissipate as you loosen up. A doctor usually can determine if this is causing the pain by examining the thickness of the heel’s fat pad. Achilles Tendon Rupture Like a ruptured plantar fascia, an Achilles tendon rupture may create symptoms similar to plantar fasciitis. A ruptured Achilles tendon is a major tear in the thick tendon that runs along the back of your ankle from your calf to your heel. With a ruptured Achilles tendon, you have difficulty bearing weight on the foot. The pain can be severe and doesnt necessarily dissipate when you are off your feet. Another difference between a ruptured Achilles tendon and plantar fasciitis is that the pain with a ruptured Achilles usually is felt along the back of the heel; with plantar fasciitis, pain is more likely to be felt along the front of your foot. Tendonitis Tendonitis is similar in nature to plantar fasciitis, as the tissue that makes up the plantar fascia is the same type of tissue that makes up a tendon. Tendonitis can occur in any tendon within your body, and there are several tendons in your foot. Tendonitis in any foot tendon can result in pain when you step and stretch the tendon. The pain also should dissipate as the tendon warms and loosens up. The tendon in the foot most likely to develop tendonitis is the Achilles tendon along the back of your foot. You can usually distinguish between Achilles tendonitis and plantar fasciitis by the location of the pain.  Achilles tendonitis generally results in pain along the back of the heel, while plantar fasciitis generally means pain in front of the heel.   Bursitis Bursitis is another repetitive stress injury that can occur throughout the body. Bursae in the foot can become inflamed and develop bursitis like their more commonly stricken brethren in the knee, elbow, shoulder, and wrist. An inflamed bursa is tender and exudes pain when its compressed. If this occurs in the foot, especially in a bursa at the bottom of the foot, it can present symptoms similar to plantar fasciitis. Bursitis can be differentiated from plantar fasciitis by direct pressure. Since an inflamed bursa is tender and plantar fascia has little sensitivity, massaging it without much pain would indicate plantar fasciitis. If massaging  or just touching it causes a lot of pain, then it is more likely to be bursitis.

Free Essays on The Logic Of Collective Action

In his book, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, Mancur Olson writes about how groups are formed. As an economist, Olson investigates the economic incentives and disincentives for group formation, especially political and trade organizations. â€Å"Olson demonstrates that firms may prefer to ‘free ride’ on the efforts of others rather than pay a share of the costs.† (Ciglar and Loomis 212) His conclusion is that individuals are led to act in a self-interested manner that interferes with any desire to work toward a collective good. Producers of a certain product have an interest in selling the product for as high of a price as possible. It is in their collective good to find ways to push prices and profits higher. An easy way to achieve higher prices is to organize and establish set prices. However, the organization of a trade group would require full participation of all makers of the product within the market. If one producer refused to join the group and sold the product for less money, that producer would come to dominate the market. A group is unlikely to form because each individual producer has a stronger interest in being the one who does not join and comes to undersell the competition, similar to the â€Å"tragedy of the commons.† There is a conflict between the individual interests of the producers and their collective interest. Another type of group is one that is seeking a benefit, but not selling. Collective bargaining is an example Olson uses. Workers have an interest in unionizing to drive up wages and force better working conditions. Non-joiners would not endanger union members. However, non-joiners would gain the benefits of the collective agreements. Therefore, each individual has an interest in not joining but still receiving the benefits and becoming a free-rider. Joining requires the use of resources. Why would someone join a group when the benefits would be gained even wit... Free Essays on The Logic Of Collective Action Free Essays on The Logic Of Collective Action In his book, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, Mancur Olson writes about how groups are formed. As an economist, Olson investigates the economic incentives and disincentives for group formation, especially political and trade organizations. â€Å"Olson demonstrates that firms may prefer to ‘free ride’ on the efforts of others rather than pay a share of the costs.† (Ciglar and Loomis 212) His conclusion is that individuals are led to act in a self-interested manner that interferes with any desire to work toward a collective good. Producers of a certain product have an interest in selling the product for as high of a price as possible. It is in their collective good to find ways to push prices and profits higher. An easy way to achieve higher prices is to organize and establish set prices. However, the organization of a trade group would require full participation of all makers of the product within the market. If one producer refused to join the group and sold the product for less money, that producer would come to dominate the market. A group is unlikely to form because each individual producer has a stronger interest in being the one who does not join and comes to undersell the competition, similar to the â€Å"tragedy of the commons.† There is a conflict between the individual interests of the producers and their collective interest. Another type of group is one that is seeking a benefit, but not selling. Collective bargaining is an example Olson uses. Workers have an interest in unionizing to drive up wages and force better working conditions. Non-joiners would not endanger union members. However, non-joiners would gain the benefits of the collective agreements. Therefore, each individual has an interest in not joining but still receiving the benefits and becoming a free-rider. Joining requires the use of resources. Why would someone join a group when the benefits would be gained even wit...

Have a Vinegar and Baking Soda Foam Fight

Have a Vinegar and Baking Soda Foam Fight This is a twist on the classic baking soda volcano, where you use the ingredients to make squirt-able fountains of foam. Difficulty: Easy Time Required: Mere Minutes Heres How First, you need bottles for everyone. The classic 2-liter bottle is nice because its compressible and holds a large volume. Gatorade bottles are also good because they have wide mouths, so its easier to recharge the bottle.Fill each bottle most of the way full of warm water and add a squirt of dishwashing detergent.Gather the rest of the materials you will need: lots of vinegar and baking soda and food coloring if you want colored bubbles. Be advised: adding food coloring could result in staining of clothing and other surfaces.Add some baking soda to the bottle (​a couple of tablespoons or so). Put your hand over the bottle opening and shake it up to get the detergent water all sudsy. Drip a bit of food coloring onto the suds.Note: if you add the food coloring before shaking the detergent water, then the dye will go into the water and the bubbles will be clear. If you add the coloring just prior to adding the vinegar then the bubbles will be deeply colored (which also increase s the staining potential). Pour in some vinegar. This starts the reaction. Feel free to give the bottle a little squeeze to help things along. Do NOT seal the bottle with a cap or lid. That basically makes a baking soda bomb, which is dangerous.You can recharge the reaction with more baking soda and then more vinegar. If at any time you feel like shaking up the bottle only do this with your hand over the opening and never cap or seal the bottle.The foam fight part most people figure out on their own. Have fun! Tips Avoid getting the mixture into your eyes or mouth. If eye contact occurs, rinse the solution out. Dont drink the contents of the foam fight bottle.Avoid contact with unreacted vinegar or undiluted dishwashing detergent. Both can irritate skin and mucous membranes. What You Need empty compressible plastic bottle - no lidswaterdiswashing detergentbaking sodavinegarfood coloring (optional)

Geography of Minnesota Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Geography of Minnesota - Essay Example This is supported by a survey that stated that over 70% of the population in the state is made up of immigrants. Some of the ethnic groups include African Americans brought as slaves to work in fields and construct the railways. After they attained their freedom they settled in Minnesota. Pacific Islanders came from the islands of Melanesia, Polynesia and Micronesia. They immigrated to Minnesota to seek employment in the fields and mines. American Indians are also referred to as Native Americans. This is because; they lived in America before its discovery by Christopher Columbus in 1492. Asian Americans are individuals of Asian descent. They immigrated to Minnesota in search of work, business and an education. Hispanics/Latinos are people of Latin descent and can trace their heritage back to Latin and South America. They immigrated to America and chose to stay in Minnesota due to its employment and business opportunities. All of these ethnic groups living and working together best illustrate spatial distribution. These ethnic groups are distributed across the state although some of them be liv e in specific areas (Hart, 2008). The first major wave of immigration was between 1860 and 1870. The first immigrants were from Germany. They were soon followed by the Norwegians who were referred to as Scandinavians. German immigrants composed the largest immigration group in Minnesota while the Norwegians only represented a small portion of the immigrants. Most of the German immigrants moved to farming areas within the state while the Scandinavians tended to settle in distinctive communities most of whom had relocated due to the potato famine they experienced between 1845 and 1852. The famine killed approximately a million people and in the process caused the immigration to the United

Hadrians Wall Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hadrians Wall Management - Essay Example This consists of a Policy Framework, which was put in place as a result of a UNESCO requirement and the UK government. The policy sets out the management of the planning, conservation, access and marketing of the Hadrian's Wall site. Therefore, any organisation contemplating running a business by offering walks around Hadrian's Wall need to be aware of the rules and regulations set down by the World Heritage Organisation. This is in addition to the standard safety responsibilities and insurance obligations required to cover them for any accidents. There are also a number of legal obligations from a legal perspective, which are government specified. The World Heritage Site Organisation have a number of members, to form a "steering group" who have been selected to create and maintain the management plans, which are produced at regular intervals. The steering group consists of a cross-section of interested parties, who are diverse in their backgrounds and usually cover different areas. They are usually experts in their fields. The committee meet twice a year to resolve issues with the site and maintain the plans in existence. The committee members come from all walks of life and cover issues: The first management plan for Hadrian's Wall was created in 1996, and this covered the period up to 2001. The plan subsequent to that covered the periods 2002 - 2007 and the current plan is expected to cover the periods 2008 - 2012. The procedure for these plans is that a first round of interest groups discussions will take place. Then the steering group will meet again to formalise the planning documents, which are then published in the next period. This usually happens every 4 years or so. The World Heritage Site Organisation was created in 1972. The aim of the organisation back then was to protect Heritage via economic regeneration for social inclusion. They also realised that this would provide a number of responsibilities and opportunities. The aim was to preserve sites and keep them in good condition for future generations. It helps when managing such walks around the wall to have knowledge of the implications of tourism at heritage sites. Although there is a need for foreign income a guide needs to be aware that the local social structures are disturbed through tourism and whole communities can be affected by the number of visitors, who may have different cultures and social ethics. Heritage management tries to balance the need for interest and profit with the need to also conserve the existing environment. From this point of view heritage management is more complex than is assumed, albeit the bottom line is to preserve heritage for future generations to enjoy. Tourism sites such as Hadrian's Wall are seen as clean, environmentally friendly, places which also provide a good local source of income for permanent residents. They are seen as favourable against traditional industries and increase the quality of life. It is also seen that heritage sites usually reduce pollution and protect the environment. Human mobility is increasing, and it looks very much that tourism is here to stay. As countries develop, there people have more desire to travel and see new places. Tourism also offers a

Elizabeth Cady Stanton on Black suffrage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Elizabeth Cady Stanton on Black suffrage - Essay Example Stanton served as the president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Elizabeth worked closely with Susan B. Anthony, Frederick Douglass (a former slave), her husband Henry Stanton and cousin Gerrit Smith. Lucretia Mott (1840) she was a great admirer of feminist, she was so angry when she couldn't see Mott speak because women were supposed to sit away from the view of men and for this reason Elizabeth Drafted a declaration of Sentiments Elizabeth Cady Stanton ones said, "The prejudice against color, of which we hear so much, is no stronger than that against sex. It is produced by the same cause, and manifested very much in the same way". Men have made women submit to law in which women have no voice, men have deprived women their rights as citizens, women rights to property have been deprived and that men have the monopoly to nearly all the profitable employments. Elizabeth can therefore be seen as a woman who has pioneered in the fight against women oppression. Although she fought for women rights to vote she died 20 years before women were granted this rights. She was an intelligent courageous and hardworking woman in that she dared give a speech in front of the committee of judiciary of the United States. Elizabeth died in October 26, 1902. Frederick Douglass served as a marshal of the District of Columbia and as consul general to the republic of Hai

Global Management of Cineworld Group Plc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Global Management of Cineworld Group Plc - Essay Example This paper illustrates that Cineworld Group plc is among the leading cinema group originated in the United Kingdom. The founder Stephen Wiener established the company in the year 1995 and now it operates in 83 locations in the UK under the Cineworld Cinemas Brand. The report deals with the Global management system of the Cineworld Group Plc. It focuses on the learning and development programmes held by Cineworld for its employees as well as recognize the CSR activities of the company. The report would evaluate the performance of Cineworld Group in both the field and suggest viable recommendations based on it. The training and development strategies for the employees is the process of educating and guiding subordinates and management to enhance their knowledge, skills and behaviour to achieve the common organisational goal as well as utilise these learning in individual development for the long run so that they prove to be a valuable asset for the company and its growth. Learning and development process is a characteristic of the employee engagement as it bridges the gap between the employees and the organization and increases their long-term relationship. The term â€Å"engagement† is used in terms of motivation, passion, and assurance. The organization should ensure that the employee engagement programs which help in training and developing the employee to upgrade the quality of their performance must inspire the people, care about the staff as well as instill a sense of challenge and competition among them to perform better. These initiatives enable the organization to perform better as it correlates with the firm’s retention, turnover, loyalty, productivity and services in terms of employees as well as customers. Stuart Holdsworth, the national learning and development manager of the Cineworld Group plc has launched a training and development program for its managers to enhance their skills.

American History since 1865 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American History since 1865 - Essay Example The Founding Fathers of the United States of America, including George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, were unanimous in their belief that the foreign policy best suited to the interests of the fledgling nation was one of non-intervention in the political affairs of other states. â€Å"(America is) the well-wisher to the freedom and independence of all. She is the champion and vindicator only of her own† (John Quincy Adams, cited in Raico, 1995). This policy of free trade and non-intervention led to the Monroe Doctrine of 1823, which insisted on a reciprocal non-interference by the European powers in the Western Hemisphere, and continued until the latter half of the nineteenth century. At this juncture, a call for America to pursue a more proactive role in world affairs, in keeping with her position as a great power, began to gain popularity. Its chief adherents were in the Republican Party, and consisted of Theodore Roosevelt, Admiral Alfred Mahan, John Hay and Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, who advocated America’s adoption of â€Å"the large policy,† committed to the expansion of U.S. influence and territory overseas (Raico, 1995). This period saw the birth of American Imperialism. American Imperialism had several causes, led to American intervention in many countries of the world, and irrevocably changed American foreign policy. The causes of American Imperialism were complex and varied. Some intellectuals, like Senator Albert Beveridge, chose to expand the concept of ‘Manifest Destiny,’ which was initially used to justify American expansion on the American continent, to justify overseas expansion. Josiah Strong’s Our Country (1885), predicted a global American empire. Based on ‘Darwinian Socialism,’ it was considered the ‘duty’ of the superior Anglo-Saxon race to spread Christian and Democratic values to ‘backward’ people. This

Probable strategies or measures to be implemented by the authorities Essay

Probable strategies or measures to be implemented by the authorities for Counterterrorism acts - Essay Example It is so much obvious that the organizational head-quarters are of these terrorist organizations are situated in Pakistan and the terrorists use a favorable gateway into India through Bangladesh but international fraternity hardly ever grant a cross border action plan to counter cross border terrorism. On the western part of the globe in the United States and in the United Kingdoms the story of Islamic terrorism is no different. Over here, it is not a problem of cross border terrorism because in these cases of the two countries, sadly enough, the Islamic terrorists are part of their own demography and most of the acts of cross border terrorisms are committed via information channeling. Thus it is more important for countries like United States and United Kingdoms to formulate a substantial strategy to counter terrorism in the most effective manner possible. It should be remembered that the disaster of 9/11 took place when the terrorists took advantage of the American social way of life where the number of domestic frequent fliers are high enough to suffer a low security system. The same is true about London underground rail blast. In both the cases the terrorists took advantage of the counties' way of social life and it would be impossible to alter this way of life putting security as an alibi where the menace is basically organized by a fundamentalist motive. No country should rupture ever under such motives. Prelude to the probable action plans In view of the documents found in the apartment of a suspected Al Qaeda member Anas al-Liby, in Manchester, England, May 2000 it could be stated that the systematic formulation of the general action plans of terrorist activities mentioned in the document indicates a well organized sect being involved in this procedure of destructions. It should be noted that few chapters like the Eighteenth Lesson: Prisons and Detention Centers are truly gruesome and people who are able to execute or simply thing of such proceedings should be stopped at all cost. As it is obvious that the training manual not only indicates activities centering US and UK only but also is applicable to other countries as well, like India, who oppose Islamic fundamentalist's concept of Islamic rule around the world. Therefore it is extremely essential to bifurcate the strategy into two sections viz. Domestic strategies and international strategies. Domestic Strategies: In accordance to the training manual the Military Organization dictates a number of requirements to assist it in confrontation and endurance. These are: 1. Forged documents and counterfeit currency 2. Apartments and hiding places 3. Communication means 4. Transportation means 5. Information 6. Arms and ammunition 7. Transport Under the perception of these operations it would possible to underline strategies based on each of the mentioned point. Forged documents and counterfeit currency: First of all, there is the problem of forged documents and counterfeit currency. To negotiate these and to control probable and further infiltrations the authorities must make it

American History since 1865 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American History since 1865 - Essay Example The Founding Fathers of the United States of America, including George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, were unanimous in their belief that the foreign policy best suited to the interests of the fledgling nation was one of non-intervention in the political affairs of other states. â€Å"(America is) the well-wisher to the freedom and independence of all. She is the champion and vindicator only of her own† (John Quincy Adams, cited in Raico, 1995). This policy of free trade and non-intervention led to the Monroe Doctrine of 1823, which insisted on a reciprocal non-interference by the European powers in the Western Hemisphere, and continued until the latter half of the nineteenth century. At this juncture, a call for America to pursue a more proactive role in world affairs, in keeping with her position as a great power, began to gain popularity. Its chief adherents were in the Republican Party, and consisted of Theodore Roosevelt, Admiral Alfred Mahan, John Hay and Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, who advocated America’s adoption of â€Å"the large policy,† committed to the expansion of U.S. influence and territory overseas (Raico, 1995). This period saw the birth of American Imperialism. American Imperialism had several causes, led to American intervention in many countries of the world, and irrevocably changed American foreign policy. The causes of American Imperialism were complex and varied. Some intellectuals, like Senator Albert Beveridge, chose to expand the concept of ‘Manifest Destiny,’ which was initially used to justify American expansion on the American continent, to justify overseas expansion. Josiah Strong’s Our Country (1885), predicted a global American empire. Based on ‘Darwinian Socialism,’ it was considered the ‘duty’ of the superior Anglo-Saxon race to spread Christian and Democratic values to ‘backward’ people. This

Negotiation Evaluation Papers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Negotiation Evaluation Papers - Assignment Example In addition to that, they reflect distinct concerns, values and motives. As a matter of fact, these varied differences allow the negotiation process to become an inquiry into finding the distinct solutions and needs that satisfies both parties. Problem solving negotiation occurs as a result of issues dealing with money. In that case, it can become a component of solution that constitutes other aspects. Negotiation can be best described as a side by side dialogue in which parties trade on their issues rather than conflicting over resources that are limited (Doye et al. 2). It is unethical to perceive negotiation as an encounter that is casual without giving it forethought. The outcome is meandering and reactive meetings rather than meetings that are proactive with certain goals in mind. Inadequate planning reflects itself at the negotiation table as parties tend to rely too much on ineffective and demands that attempts to persuade their opponent. General Information Regarding Heffen v s. Pacific These are recording companies and are having issues on who should take artistic control of the STAR album, a once known popular group. The group is comprised of four individuals namely, Sarren, Trace, Armstrong and Robins (STAR). The group regrouped itself three months ago and they are working on their second album after 15 years. However, six weeks down the line, Robin’s signs with Heffen record company a two year contract whilst the rest of the group signed contracts with Pacific Records Company. My client (Heffen records) believes that, if given the opportunity to produce the album under his label, he would manage to sell about seventy five thousand copies (75,000copies), whilst the follow up album would sell up to one million five hundred thousand copies. Each CD would cell at 15dollars thus totalling to 11.25million dollars and the follow up album accumulating 22.5million dollars. In that case, Heffen Company will be entitled to 25% of each CD gross. Neverthel ess, Heffen Company is willing to offer Pacific Record a maximum of 10%and no more than that from the total gross sell only if she is given the artistic control of the album. In addition to that, as a final resort, she would yield to giving Robins away only if Pacific Record pays 1, 000,000 dollars. This negotiation is significant to Heffen. She would have handled it herself, but as a result of the conflict between her and the president of Pacific Records Mr Paul Pack, she cannot handle it. That is why I as the third party I am involved in the negotiation process so as to arrive at a concrete solution. Preparation The Pacific Records comes to my clients company and they are given 6-10% bargain for the first year. In the second year, they are allowed to take Robin on condition that they pay 1,000,000 dollars. However, if they refuse to comply with these conditions, they will be subjected to work under their name (pacific records) but all the returns accumulated from the album sell wi ll be taken by my clients company (Heffen Company). The negotiation strategy applied to come with the above terms and conditions is the â€Å"Plan Money Moves Based on Objective Principle.† According to this strategy, money becomes the component of a solution negotiated. Similarly, better handling of monitory issues results to outcomes that are effective. For example, the negotiation between Pacific Record Company and Heffen Company agreed on various terms that are

Generation Gap Essay Example for Free

Generation Gap Essay Since the industrial revolution was experienced in the United States, technological evolution has caused generation gaps between people. Advances such as computers and the Internet, space research and security systems are but a few of the systems that continue to evolve beyond the capacity of yesterdays technology-savvy people. Televisions in 2011 are quite complex. Even people who use gaming systems that have progressed from old joysticks to the reading of a persons physical movement for game play have surpassed those who were satisfied with the less complicated systems. Clothing The evolution of clothing promotes gaps between generations, and has done so for years. This is often led by movie stars, rock stars and other artists. Ingenuity in clothing and the desire for the next item in demand continues to push clothing to new limits. What was once considered risque by grandparents is now acceptable and worn daily by grandchildren. As clothing changes and evolves, this generation gap often finds itself thriving in between parents and their children. Language Language has been evolving for thousands of years. Nouns have become verbs; this often aligns with the technology evolution, along with increasing exposure to the Internet. Social sites and chat rooms have encouraged a new generation of language founded on acronyms and shortened phrases. Many people who are unfamiliar with this find themselves lost on social media sites and in chat rooms. Some of this language is carrying into the daily speech of some people. Oftentimes, questions are answered with, I dont know, just Google it. Music Always evolving, music has often been blamed for opening the gap between different generations. Messages change, styles change and there is always a push for the development of a new sound. Music brings back memories that people tend to hang on to. Because of this connection, people have a tendency to hang onto the music of their generation and may eventually find distaste in the music of other generations. This creates widening gaps between generations, some of which have been monumental. Over the course of 20 years, the telephone has evolved and taken on tremendous changes. Gone are the days of circular dials; in are the smartphones that think for themselves. It is because of the evolution of technology that generation gaps exist between the two different types of phones. People experience the same circumstances. The evolution of technology, clothing, language and music are classic examples of causes of generation gaps.

English Language Essays Language play in Literature

English Language Essays Language play in Literature What is the role of language play in literature? Language play, the use of words and language to create new and unusual meanings and correspondences, has long been used by authors to ensure that their words have an impact on readers. Poets, playwrights and novelists, both classic and contemporary, use language play to conjure the readers’ imagination without wordy descriptions or long explanations. Language play affords writers the opportunity to say more with less, evoking vivid imagery causing the reader to feel the action, rather than simply reading words on a page. â€Å"Literary language is different from everyday language because it draws attention to some property of the language itself, and highlights or foregrounds it. This foregrounding surprises the reader into a fresh perception and appreciation of the subject matter.† (Jeffries, 1996, p. 163) There are many different type of foregrounding used by authors, most of which are also considered to be types of language play. Out of the tradition of language play comes the phrase â€Å"to play on words† which usually refers to the most basic form of language play, punning. But this phrase can also be taken in this context to refer to other types of language play including: metaphors, similes, rhyme, alliteration, assonance, onomatopoeia, and many other more technical forms of language play. Many authors use language play to create their own distinct style, not only setting their words and ideas apart, but also themselves as writers. These authors have used language play to break literary conventions and create their own literary trademarks. One of the most notable authors known to persistently use language play in their literature is William Shakespeare, who broke conventions of subject matter and language use far before his time. Shakespeare’s use of language play has ensured that his plays remain relevant to this day, while the works of his contemporaries often appear dated or irrelevant today. Shakespeare instilled timelessness in his works by using numerous language play conventions to create visual pictures for his readers and audiences. He mixed the use of poetry and prose in his plays to mark changes in the narrative, notably the movement from conversation to soliloquies. This use of language play is effective both when reading the texts and listening to the words aloud. As text the movement from prose to poetry has a distinctly different look on the page, just as the rhythm of speech changes when read aloud. In his poetry he often uses rhyme, alliteration (the repetition of consonants), assonance (the repetition of vowels) and onomatopoeia (words that sound like the things or actions they describe, such as, pop) to create a distinct, memorable rhythm within the text. This use of language play within the text also creates text which is notably easier for actors to recite and remember. But probably the most notable language play convention used by Shakespeare is punning, which he used to great effect both in his tragedies and comedies. â€Å"Shakespeare was a dedicated punster, not only for comic but also tragic purpose†¦. An example is Hamlet’s cry: Is thy union here? Hamlet, v. iii. 340) When he realises that his mother has drunk the wine laced with a poisoned pearl (a union) by the man she has joined in union or marriage, thus bringing about her union with death. Here a pun compresses meanings and emotions in a powerful and poignant manner. (Cook, 1996, p. 220–221). Shakespeare also used punning for comedic purposes in his comedies and romances. There are numerous examples of banter in Shakespeare’s comedies. These banters often not only serve a comedic purpose but also move to develop characters or shed insight on to the plot. In Twelfth Night the fool or clown character, Feste, appears by the end of the play to be the most intelligent and insightful character, and as a result he is loved and respected by all. FESTE  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Good madonna, why mournst thou? OLIVIA  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Good Fool, for my brothers death. FESTE  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I think his soul is in hell, madonna. OLIVIA  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I know his soul is in heaven, fool. FESTE  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The more fool, madonna, to mourn for your brothers soul,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   being in heaven. Take away the fool, gentlemen. (Shakespeare, Act. 1 Scene 5) In this passage Shakespeare uses word frequency to focus the readers attention on the role of Feste as the fool. The effect of word frequency is that as words are repeated they gain a greater effect upon the reader, (Graddol, et. al. 1994, p. 227-228). As the word fool is repeated throughout the passage, and throughout the play, it focuses the readers attention to the irony in that the one character that can see everything that is going on within the complicated play if Feste, the fool. At the beginning of scene five Olivia calls for Feste to be taken away because she does not understand what he is trying to say, he then proves himself to be more sound of mind then she, the true Shakespearean fool. â€Å"People’s understanding of texts not only depend on a general knowledge of the world, but also involve strategies of comprehension which are not peculiar to language (Graddol, et. al. 1994, p. 218). In this sense authors often depend on reader’s knowledge, assumptions and opinions to gain the reactions they desire from their readers. Thus, in Twelfth Night even though Feste is referred to as the fool the audience soon learns to listen to him for insight into the story. Just as Shakespeare uses language play to enrich his plays and ensure their timelessness, similarly, Gabriel Garcia Marquez infuses his works with evocations of the magical and surreal, while remaining within the classification of literary fiction, rather than crossing the boundary into science fiction, although many of his story-lines could easily be classified as science fiction or fantasy. Marquez uses unusual metaphors to create a unique world where, often, the past present and future coincide, yet Marquez presents his narratives in such a visual and powerful fashion, that they not do not appear strange. ‘Through the window he contemplated the sea grown drowsy in the ennui of four o’clock, and realised with a heavy heart the swallows had returned,’ (Marquez, 1995, p. 20). In this passage Marquez uses language play in a number of ways. Firstly he uses the reader’s assumptions of what certain words should mean and which other words they should be grouped with, these assumptions are referred to as schemas and frames (Graddol, et. al., 1994, p. 216-8). Furthermore he uses collocation (Jeffries, 1996, p. 169), which is linked to the idea of schemas and frames, using the idea of grouping unusual words to create an impact upon the reader. In his description of the â€Å"sea grown drowsy† Marquez uses the idea that most readers would see the sea as unruly and goes against that by describing it as drowsy, creating a sense of melancholy with only a few words. He also uses the readers understanding of the phrases â€Å"heavy heart† and â€Å"swallows returning† to express the idea of sadness in time passing. Without saying that time has passed the use of the phrase â€Å"the swallows had returned† indicates to the reader that it is now spring and the character in question is unhappy about it. Both authors manage to resist being pigeonholed by using language play to paint vivid dynamic pictures in the reader’s imagination. They depend on the reader to fill in the details of what they are describing, and in doing so avoiding the need to describe details which could confine them to a specific period or genre of literature. If there were no language play, there would be no literature because there would be only one way of saying any one thing. Language play affords authors the ability to personalise their thoughts, and those of their characters, creating dynamic narratives. Much of literature is referential, but without the use of language play we would merely have repetition rather than reference. â€Å"No text is produced which is not in some way affected by texts, both spoken and written, literary and non-literary, that have gone before it’ (Jeffries, 1996, p. 181). It is their use of language rather than their ideas, which set authors apart from one another. BIBLIOGRAPHY Cook, G. â€Å"Language play in English† (pp. 198-227). In: Maybin, J. and Mercer, N. (1996). Using English: From conversation to canon. London: Routledge. Graddol, D., Cheshire, J. Swann, J. (1994). Describing Language. â€Å"7.4: Written Language.† (pp. 214-234). Buckingham Philadelphia: Open University Press. Jeffries, L. â€Å"What makes English into art?† (pp. 162-184). In: Maybin, J. and Mercer, N. (1996). Using English: From conversation to canon. London: Routledge. Marquez, G.G. (1995) Of Love and other Demons (translated from Spanish by Edith Grossman). Toronto: Knopf Canada. Shakespeare, W. Twelfth Night. Act 1, Scene 5. In: http://www.shakespeare-literature.com/Twelfth_Night/5.html

Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury :: Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451

Fahrenheit 451   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ray Bradbury Guy Montag is a fireman in the future in charge of burning books. On his way home from work one evening, he meets his new neighbor, an inquisitive 17-year-old girl named Clarisse McClellan. She asks him about his job and tells him she comes from a strange family that does such peculiar things as talk to each other and walk places (being a pedestrian is, like reading, against the law). She asks him if he is happy and then disappears into her house. The meeting disturbs Montag, who is not used to talking with people. He goes home and realizes he is not happy, that his appearance of happiness up to this point has been just a mask. He finds his wife, Mildred, in bed listening to earplug radios, just as he has found her every night for the past two years. He finds an empty bottle of sleeping pills by her bed and calls the emergency hospital just as a sonic boom from a squadron of jet bombers shakes the house. The hospital sends out two workers with machines that pump Mildred's stomach and replace all her blood with fresh blood. Montag goes outside and listens to the laughter and the voices coming from the McClellan house. Montag goes in again and considers all that has happened to him that night and feels terribly disoriented as he takes a sleep lozenge and dozes off. The next day, Mildred remembers nothing about her attempted suicide and denies it when Montag tries to tell her about it. He leaves for work and finds Clarisse outside walking in the rain, catching it in her mouth. She rubs a dandelion under her chin and says it means she's in love when the pollen rubs off on her. She rubs it under his chin, but no pollen rubs off. She asks him why he chose to be a fireman and says he is unlike the others she has met, who will not talk to her or listen to what she says to them. He tells her to get along to her appointment with her psychiatrist. After she is gone, he tilts his head back and catches the rain in his mouth for a few moments. Montag reaches down to touch the Mechanical Hound in the fire station, and it growls at him and threatens him. Montag tells Captain Beatty what happened and suggests that someone may have

Feminism and Social Cognitive Theories Essay

The goal in this individual assignment is to apply the social cognitive theory and feminist theories to contemporary media content and to compare and contrast different theoretical perspectives. Attached to this paper there will be a print advertisement specifically chosen to analyze how and whom these theories reflect on in new media today. After analyzing the two perspectives, the theories will be compared and contrasted, showing the similarities and differences between them and their approach to the advertisement. Throughout the paper the usage of examples from the specific advert chosen will conclude to the appliance and defined terms to support the arguments that will be debated. The social learning theory furnishes a framework that allows usto analyze the human’s psychological functions that produce certain behaviors (A. Bandura, 1986). The concept describes the mental processes at work whenever a person learns (Bandura, 1944). The theory of socialization explains humans thought and the personal factors that make learning a cognitive process to all agents such as, social groups, parents and siblings, teachers, schools and religious leaders, neighborhoods and media.(Eyal, 2012)According to Bandura, the theoryproves that belief and behavior are determined by three different factors that interact and impact each other, known as the triadic reciprocal causation, examining behavior, personal determinants and characteristics such as cognitive and biological qualities like age, race, sex or height, and environmental factors or events (Bandura, 1944). Bandura’s social cognitive theory of mass communication and the broader social learning theory serve as the foundation for volumes of research in all areas of media effects study today (A. Bandura, 1986). A study of this theory presenting the process of modeling has been conducted by Albert Bandura during the study of the bobo dolls by including the four compon ent processes: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation. Later to be discussed in relevancy to the advertisement chosen.Proving that a person that observes other peoples actions and the consequences of those actions can learn from what they have observed, called observational learning, which then can be reenacted by the observer, known as modeling (A. Bandura, 1986). According to the research done in the bobo doll studies, Bandura’s method was to create a lab experiment with kindergarten children, by exposing them to different versions of movies with aggressions toward a bobo doll. Focusing on the children in the experimental groups, these children were aware of what they have watched and this is where the modeling process originates. Attention has been elevated. The experimental group children sat and thought through the film alsopossessing the necessary components and skill, while perhaps thinking of their capabilities and self-efficacy perceptions,known as motor reproduction in terms of the process. In order to later imitate the aggressive acts, training what they’ve cognitivelylearnt and seen, known as retention, rehearsing of the act in order to properly mock the material exposed. In conclusion to the observational theory, children seemed motivated to model the behaviors they learnt in the film. Children who had watched the violent film were less inhibited about performing other violent acts they had learnt in the past, and not portrayed through the given film. The film therefore, had a disinhibitory effect upon the children who saw it (Bandura, 1963). â€Å"Disinhibitory effects disinhibit or lift previously learned internal restraints on certain behaviors (Bandura, 1963 p.73) as explained in the study Bandura conduced on the school kids and the fact they used the violence seen in the film, and not violence that has been shown to them throughout their lives. In addition, the theory also serves as a common denominator among many media effects and hypothesis today. It provides a framework explaining pro-social effects from mass media, social encouragement or persuasion, and transmission of an idea, message, or belief by way of figurative modeling (A. Bandura, 1986, p.70). The second theory that will be discussed, analyzed, compared and contrasted to my chosen advert throughout this paper will be the feminist theory. Focusing on, outlining the influences of a variety of critical feminist studies on the representation of women in popular media forms. The feminism study is part of a theoretical approach; it’s an actual theory equal to all other theories (Hay, 2012). A few theories that will be analyzed are â€Å"The beauty myth† by Naomi Wolf, â€Å"The Women Myth† by Roland Barthes, and â€Å"Women in films† by Laura Mulvey. Wolf claims that the quality called â€Å"beauty† objectively and universally exists. The most effective way to combat this epidemic, Wolf argues, is to show how what we call â€Å"beautifu l† is a cultural myth that has been framed for certain economic and political purposes. â€Å"In assigning value to women in a vertical hierarchy according to a culturally imposed physical standard, it is an expression of power relations in which women must unnaturally compete for resources that men have appropriated for themselves†(Wolf, N. The Beauty Myth, p.1). Barthes discusses â€Å"The women myth† as being everywhere, relating to culture, time, and change. It’s not something were born with,it’s something society socially constructs (Hay, 2012). He tells us that the image of beauty-â€Å"The rhetoric of the image† (Roland Barthes) changes according to where you are, who you’re with, and what environment your currently in, that can all reflect on the image. Last, Mulvey writes about the male gaze, â€Å"women in films†.The women’s appearance was created to serve male defense mechanisms against castration, and portrays women as visual objects through the media (Hay, 2012) Mulvey argues that cinema displays the i mage of women as a certain look, that feminist find humiliating; due to the element it displays the passivity of women, and the activeness of men complying the fact women will never have lead roles or be distinguished as greater than men (Hay, 2012). After explaining,defining and giving examples of both theories, the advertisement chosen will be analyzed and evaluated through these theoretical perspectives. In terms of feminism, the advertchosen will constructively reassure the myths and there theoretical approaches. The advertisement I chose represents, the alcoholic drink, SKYY vodka. Thereis a tan, thin women, in a bathing suit, with a big chest, lying on the sand at the beach trying to get some sun. The close up shot of her â€Å"dreamy† chest is likely to attract attention of men, possibly the aimed audience for this advertisement. Mulvey argues about â€Å"the look† or â€Å"the image† the media portrays a woman’s hypothetical appearance should be, usually categorized as young and skinny (Hay, 2012) which the advertisement assesses. The power through genders are used to catch the man’s eye, making the man see the women as a visual object, also known as the male gaze, leading the male to be come aroused, and in conclusionan intended effect of convincing the specified audience, men, to buy the product advertised. As Naomi Wolf mentions in â€Å"the beauty myth† the purpose of using the women as an object is for political and economic reasons. This doesn’t mean that everyone will be impacted in the same way due to sub-cultures, politics, and media, but society’s understanding of the add will hopefully conclude to more or less, the same objective and conscious feeling. In addition to the women’s bareness and attraction, the advertisement shows the man in a suit standing on top of the women, most likelyrepresenting ownership and power, a demanding authoritywhile glazing down on her from above. According to Mulvey, feminists see men as active and the women as passive, clearly shown in the advert. The man is not only trapping the women between his legs while she lays on the floor, but heis also blocking her from the sun, the reason she most likely came to the beach to begin with. Feminist argue that women are usually presented in a submissive way. According to feminists, the media has an important role and defines the women and how women should look, act and represents the power struggle between men and wo men today (Hay, 2012). The theory of Laura Mulvey shows that commercial wise, advertising women is usually conducted in a sexual manner relating them to sex items, and ignoring internal characteristics by focusing on just looks(Hay, 2012). In addition to how women were portrayed in programs, feminist critics charged media owners and managers with sexism (Cantor, 1988). They supported this claim with reports showing widespread discrimination against women in broadcast industry employment practices, as seen in the advertisement presented, as the women lays beneath the man and is gazed upon from above with feeling of power. Women in advertising are usually gently touching to looking at something, making it seem that they are not in control of that object, that they aren’t the true owner and masters of it, just participant(Cantor, 1988). In one hand the man is holding a bottle of SKYY alcohol, and in the other hand he is firmly holding 2 cups as to which the alcohol would be put inside to drink. The differences between the positioning of the genders in the advert really prove the feminist theories can be related to this, the masculine side of the man and his strong fists, and feminine side of the women is shown through the relaxation of her hands holding her sunglasses up, lying on the floor with her pure beauty and fertility.In the past, a lot of time advertisers used women to present women were they needed rescue. Alcohol can be considered a type of escapism, and by the man showing her what he has, once again, the women comes out to be the weak one that wants to be nurtured, and in feel of need, comfort and care by the man. Just like gender role portrayals in Disney princesses and there need of being taken care of by heroes, or prince charming. This advertisement focuses on a specific audience, in particular, perhaps SKYY vodka calls for people who enjoy drinking, probably youngsters that want to let loose try new things, students, and because of the main focus of the clos e up of the women’s breast, an educated guess would assume that the men population are most likely well off to be the best consumers. The social cognitive theory portrays many different theoretical approaches to the specific add chosen.Banduras social cognitive theory provides a framework to explain what the media’s effects are towards, violence, sexually explicit material, diffusion of an idea, message, belief by way of symbolic modeling, persuasion and so forth (Bandura, 1986). Human communication is built upon a system of shared meanings known as language that is shaped by various symbols, such as letters of the alphabet,† used to construct words which serve as a symbol to represent specific objects, thought or ideas† (Bandura, 1986 p.68).The word â€Å"SKYY† printed on the alcohol bottle doesn’t just cause the brain to think of the company SKYY vodka. When speaking about the sky in a metaphoric way, people relate the word to an unlimited effect, just like the quote many people use these days, â€Å"the sky is the limit†. The thought the drink may have towards specific audience mentioned earlier, triggers their brain to consider the non-boundary border. As seen in media today, a number of people like to go against the ordinary, and fight the status quo. Possibly now, when people see the word â€Å"sky†, the capacity of understanding and using this symbol allows them to store, process, and transform this observed experience into a cognitive model, which may guide them to the long term effect of buying the alcohol while thinking about the positive effects it may have and motivating them to buy this product. Advertisement in media today can be learnt from and modeled leading to positive or negative outcomes. Just like Banduras study with the bobo dolls, the major findings were disinhibitory effects, which concluded to children learning aggression. A disinhibitory technique, as mentioned earlier, â€Å"causes a transgressor to shift the responsibility for wrong doing to another.†(Brock & Bus s, 1962, p. 75) With diffusion of responsibility, a transgressor acts within a group and therefor doesn’t feel personally responsible for the subsequent act (Bandura, 1986). As seen in the ad, the bottle of alcohol is being advertised. As most people know, one of the most well-known laws in the U.S. states that the drinking age is 21+. In this case the add is relevant due to the fact a transgressor may influence an adolescent to consume the alcohol in this add showing him it’s the cool thing to do, leading him to another device, disregard of the consequences of action, in which the under 21 person,illegally performs what he is told, not thinking about the harm it might cause and only thinking of the thrill of the moment. Bandura identified four different self-reflective â€Å"modes† used in thought verification: the self-reflective capacity, meaning that a person has the ability to perform a self-check to make sure his or her thinking is correct (Bandura, 1986). One being the enactive mode: this means that a person calculates the agreement between thoughts and the result of actions (Bandura, 1986). For example, this add may influence people to buy SKYY vodka, especially men, since the advertisement shows that the man is over powering the sexy woman, an act in which most men usual want to achieve. After trying the alcohol, the effect it had on the man wasn’t what he thought would conclude to, assuming he would be able to mimic the character holding the alcohol bottle in the advert and is disappointed, having a destructive effect, and in this case his actions do not verify his thoughts and he must reassess his thinking. If, however the man had had the positive effects he was expecting after drinking SKYY brand alcohol, the man’s actions corroborate his thoughts and provide verification. The second â€Å"mode† used in the thought verification isvicarious mode: this means that the observation of another person’s experience and the outcomes of those experiences aid to confirm the accuracy of thoughts (Bandura, 1986). For example, a 17 year old boy that never tried alcohol might look at this advertisement and see that the man has total control over the women, the boy never thought about trying the beverage the man in the ad is holding, but due to positive assumptions, realizes he should. His thoughts about underage drinking could shock him into some kind of reassessment. The third â€Å"mode†, serving as the best demonstration of an effective advertisement is persuasion (Bandura, 1986): the act in which a person is influenced or encouraged in some way to change their thought. For example a man sees the SKYY vodka advertisement and it comes off to be eye catching and convincing. Even though he might already have a specific vodka brand he uses, the astonishment of the print add influences him to try new things in an alteration effect of buying the alcohol, maybe leading to a long term outcome of the continuity of buying the specific vodka, and the intended effect the company tried to portray. At last, the advertisement will be compared and contrasted according to the two theoretical perspectives. The media teaches society how to socially learn, whether it’s through observational and modeling, or how women should be, including all the individual differences (Hay, 2012). Whether the effect is direct or indirect, constructive or destructive, people observe others and their surroundings.One of the arguments the theories can express thesimilarities and differences in, is the effect manipulation or influence can have towards and depending on audience types. The social cognitive theory, the process of modeling shows that the advertisement can be portrayed and looked at as motivating for male audiences, catching there attention while seeing the amount of control and command the man has above the women, leading to arousal and motor reproduction of the customer, influencing them to similar actions. On the other hand, feminists look at the advertisement and find it discriminating how the media socially constructed the women to fit the image that Mulvey speaks about.The female audiences will see the degradation of the trapped women, looking up at a man, and specifically go against the consumption of that certain alcohol. Women don’t see the need to advertise the alcohol in such a provocative manner and want to fight the status quo of using women in the media for political and economic reasons, as Naomi Wolf’s theory applies. In conclusion, the social cognitive theory and feminist theories play a big role in media today. Providing a framework to academically understand where media came from in history, and how it has currently changes. Media serves as a theoretical basis that was learnt from in the past, and continues to be learnt from throughout years to come. References: Bryant, J., & Thompson, S. (2002). Fundamentals of media effects(Chapter 4). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. Hodkinson, P. (2011). Media, culture, and society: An introduction(Chapter 11, pp.219-242). Los Angeles, CA: Sage. Wolf, N.The Beauty Myth. Cantor, M. G. (1988). Feminism and the media.Society, 25(5), 76-81. Social Cognitive Theory and Feminist Theories LiatSlomowits Raphael Recanti International School, Interdisciplinary Center Hertzliya T.A. – Yael Hay Introduction to communications liatipoo@aol.com

Roger Federer

Roger Federer's fundamental needs, values, and orientation towards life are symbolized by the four astrological elements. Each person has their own unique balance of these four basic energies: fire (warmth, inspiration, enthusiasm), earth (practicality, realism, material interests), air (social and intellectual qualities), and water (emotional needs and feelings). Federer's â€Å"elemental make-up† is described below.Remember that most people are â€Å"unbalanced† or lopsided, and if Roger is lacking or deficient in a certain element (or elements), it simply means that he needs to consciously develop that particular aspect in order to appreciate and/or work harder in that dimension of life. Sometimes we overestimate the element that we are least endowed with, sensing it as a lack within ourselves, but more often we neglect or ignore it. The qualities described below will be reiterated and explained in more detail in the following pages.His life is likely to be full of e motional extremes, turbulence, joy and sorrow stemming from his own passionate nature and unpredictability. Roger Federer is impulsive and temperamental. For Roger, everything is intensely personal and colored by emotion. He may have difficulty viewing a situation from a detached, impartial or rational perspective, and he has little inclination to structure and order his life. However, fostering self-discipline, organization and focus is essential.Otherwise Roger Federer will be prone to extreme moodiness, alternating between lofty inspiration and despondency. At times, Roger Federer feels a great deal of internal pressure due to two of his dominant impulses which tend to conflict with one another. The desire for independence and freedom, the need for self-expression and ego recognition, and the urge to leave the past behind in order to propel himself into new experiences may clash with other, equally powerful needs – namely attachments to people and to the familiar, a compel ling urge for emotional closeness, and a desire for security.Balancing these two drives is a significant challenge for Federer. Even though his life may be less balanced and perhaps less stable than that of others, it is unlikely that Roger Federer would change it because he is very vibrant, sensitive and responsive to the ever-changing, dynamic quality of life. However, as you will read in the next chapter, Roger Federer has a sense of practical orientation and a certain down-to-earth approach, which helps to ground him somewhat.

Cleanliness and Sense of Beauty Essay

Introduction: Human being is the best amongst all the living being in this world. They live in a society, where they don’t only just live for food and shelter. They have to survive sustaining with various conditions, environments, people, customs, cultures etc. So in this society of mankind, human has a lot of responsibility as well as maintenance duty. Discipline makes a human being to do all such activities mentioned above and to lead a life with dignity in the society. And cleanliness is a part of discipline of human life. Sense of beauty is the thing that helps us to justify good and bad aspects of life. Cleanliness: Cleanliness means the sense of remaining clean, neat and tidy. This particular sense is very significant in a man’s life. Because by cleanliness, the nature and type of a person is judged in our society. For an individual, to take proper bath, to wash his/her teeth, to wash his/her clothes regularly and to keep them neat and clean etc are the basic measures of cleanliness. For a family, the duties are like to keep the house clean, to keep everything in a well decorated manner, not to litter anything on the floor, keeping the walls clean, not making the bathroom wet and dirty etc. And the people of a particular area or society, to keep the roads clean, not to throw garbage here and there, not to litter anything on the roads, to use dustbin to throw wastages etc are the sole duties of cleanliness. Sense of Beauty: Sense of beauty is a term that means having a very good taste about everything. This indicates how he/she looks at different things of art, and various things. This sense of beauty is very important too, as this sense justifies between various things and helps us to indicate the quality and beauty amongst things. Sense of beauty also enables us to learn the good and bad, pretty and ugly. From the very childhood parents try to teach this particular criterion of human mind. Importance of cleanliness and sense of beauty in our life: Cleanliness is a great virtue. It is said that without a clean body one cannot have a clean mind. Cleanliness is a religious duty too. In Islam, it is said â€Å"Cleanliness is a part of Iman (faith)†.

How Managerial Changes Influence Organisational Behaviour Issues Research Paper

How Managerial Changes Influence Organisational Behaviour Issues - Research Paper Example One of the main obstacles to the smooth implementation of the change management process is the lack of awareness of the context of change by the workmen and unions. While the top management team is aware of the context in which these changes are being talked about, the workmen and unions are not well informed in this respect. A change seeking management has to overcome the stresses to which the system and the people have to undergo. Leadership is, therefore, required to create the necessary confidence to overcome the stresses and challenges in the change process. A successful leadership has to keep open the channels of communications within the organization and with the outside world. The leader must recognize authority and power system changes in the attitudes, behaviors, and interpersonal relationship of people (Tennenbam, 1999, p.177). As such organization problems can be overcome by four factors, namely, structural, technical, task and people. However, the capacity of individuals and groups in some organizations are underestimated. This is due to a variety of causes emerging from the organization structure, procedures and the traditions of a group of people working within the organization. Human Resource Management is, perhaps, the oldest and most widely researched subject in management. Yet, as technologies change, cultural diversities occur and people's expectations undergo fundamental shifts towards newer and newer dimensions. For instance, professionals are gaining more say in the running of organizations. Even where governance is by people who own the majority stakes, their own positions and the respect they command are contingent upon their competence rather than ownership. " Management is the art of getting things done through other people. Management is the dynamic, life-giving element in every business. Without it, the resources of production remain resources and never become production." (Hersey & Blanchard, 2002, p.211) Â  

Read the requirement paper carefullyall of the requirements are in the Essay

Read the requirement paper carefullyall of the requirements are in the documents - Essay Example Thus based on the product the segmentation is decided. Here segmentation will be done based on demographic, geographic, psychographic and behavioural variables. Demographic segmentation tends to divide the market in segments based on factors such as gender, age, income and others (Ferrell & Hartline, 2010, p.117). Based on demographic segmentation, Sleep Bug application will be made available to both the genders male and female as the application which is designed for windows phone 7 and iOS are used by both the segments and thus the segmentation are done keeping in mind the female market and the male market segment. The sound and the music along with feature installed in the application have also been developed according to the segments likes and dislikes. Age is the next factor in demographic segmentation, and the sleep bug pro will be segmented to the age group 16 years and above. The reason behind selecting the age bar to 16 years is that since everyone in today’s generati on has an access to iPhone, iPad and iPod therefore the application is made available for all the people within the particular age group so that they can enjoy the application and have a sound and proper sleep. Based on the income level, the application are targeted to those having iPhones, iPod and iPads dividing the segment into middle to higher level of income group who has the capacity to afford an iPhone and related product. Geographic segmentation is the process of segmenting the market by region, market size, climate and also market density (Lamb, Hair & McDaniel, 2008, p. 234). Based on geographic segmentation, Sleep Bug will be segmented on population density to the urban people who have problem while sleeping due to heavy work pressure, and other related problems. Behavioural segmentation segments the market based on the usage of the product. Sleep Bug will segment it for those who are conscious about their health and improve memory as proper sleep will boost up health, pe ople who are fascinated towards new applications , who would use it on regular basis and status conscious that is the segment who are not price sensitive. Based on the above segmentation a detailed customer profile has been developed, Sleep Bug is an application which can be used in Windows Phone 7 and iOS and focus mainly on the customer segment. The target market for Sleep Bug is those segments that suffers from poor sleep, secondly the working group who demands peaceful and sound sleep, thirdly for those who like handling new application and show it as a status symbol. The third target market also includes students apart from the college goers. Analysing the growth of mobile application which is expected to grow from $6.8billion to about $25billion in the next four years (App Muse, 2012), there seems to exists potential customer base helping Sleep Bug to generate revenue and profit in the long run. Task 2 Consumer Behaviour Factors Consumers are the centre for the marketers and w ithout satisfying the customer the marketing manager cannot be termed to be successful in his given task. The behaviour of consumers tends to differ from person to person as each of them behaves in respect to their inner motives. As per the definitions given by Philip Kotler, â€Å"Consumer buying behaviour refers to the buying behaviour of final consumers who buy goods and services for personal